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Conference Papers


Open list in Research Information System

2022

Breaking the Exascale Barrier for the Electronic Structure Problem in Ab-Initio Molecular Dynamics

R. Schade, T. Kenter, H. Elgabarty, M. Lass, T. Kühne, C. Plessl, in: arXiv:2205.12182, 2022

The non-orthogonal local submatrix method applied to electronic-structure based molecular dynamics simulations is shown to exceed 1.1 EFLOP/s in FP16/FP32 mixed floating-point arithmetic when using 4,400 NVIDIA A100 GPUs of the Perlmutter system. This is enabled by a modification of the original method that pushes the sustained fraction of the peak performance to about 80%. Example calculations are performed for SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins with up to 83 million atoms.


CP2K on the road to exascale

T. Kühne, C. Plessl, R. Schade, O. Schütt, in: arXiv:2205.14741, 2022

The CP2K program package, which can be considered as the swiss army knife of atomistic simulations, is presented with a special emphasis on ab-initio molecular dynamics using the second-generation Car-Parrinello method. After outlining current and near-term development efforts with regards to massively parallel low-scaling post-Hartree-Fock and eigenvalue solvers, novel approaches on how we plan to take full advantage of future low-precision hardware architectures are introduced. Our focus here is on combining our submatrix method with the approximate computing paradigm to address the immanent exascale era.


2021

High-Performance Spectral Element Methods on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays : Implementation, Evaluation, and Future Projection

M. Karp, A. Podobas, N. Jansson, T. Kenter, C. Plessl, P. Schlatter, S. Markidis, in: 2021 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), IEEE, 2021

DOI


OpenCL-based FPGA Accelerator for Semi-Global Approximate String Matching Using Diagonal Bit-Vectors

D. Castells-Rufas, S. Marco-Sola, Q. Aguado-Puig, A. Espinosa-Morales, J.C. Moure, L. Alvarez, M. Moreto, in: 2021 31st International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), IEEE, 2021

An FPGA accelerator for the computation of the semi-global Levenshtein distance between a pattern and a reference text is presented. The accelerator provides an important benefit to reduce the execution time of read-mappers used in short-read genomic sequencing. Previous attempts to solve the same problem in FPGA use the Myers algorithm following a column approach to compute the dynamic programming table. We use an approach based on diagonals that allows for some resource savings while maintaining a very high throughput of 1 alignment per clock cycle. The design is implemented in OpenCL and tested on two FPGA accelerators. The maximum performance obtained is 91.5 MPairs/s for 100 × 120 sequences and 47 MPairs/s for 300 × 360 sequences, the highest ever reported for this problem.


2020

A Runtime System for Finite Element Methods in a Partitioned Global Address Space

S. Groth, D. Grünewald, J. Teich, F. Hannig, in: Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers (CF '2020), ACM, 2020

DOI


A Submatrix-Based Method for Approximate Matrix Function Evaluation in the Quantum Chemistry Code CP2K

M. Lass, R. Schade, T. Kühne, C. Plessl, in: Proc. International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC), IEEE Computer Society, 2020, pp. 1127-1140

Electronic structure calculations based on density-functional theory (DFT) represent a significant part of today's HPC workloads and pose high demands on high-performance computing resources. To perform these quantum-mechanical DFT calculations on complex large-scale systems, so-called linear scaling methods instead of conventional cubic scaling methods are required. In this work, we take up the idea of the submatrix method and apply it to the DFT computations in the software package CP2K. For that purpose, we transform the underlying numeric operations on distributed, large, sparse matrices into computations on local, much smaller and nearly dense matrices. This allows us to exploit the full floating-point performance of modern CPUs and to make use of dedicated accelerator hardware, where performance has been limited by memory bandwidth before. We demonstrate both functionality and performance of our implementation and show how it can be accelerated with GPUs and FPGAs.


2019

OpenCL Implementation of Cannon's Matrix Multiplication Algorithm on Intel Stratix 10 FPGAs

P. Gorlani, T. Kenter, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (FPT), IEEE, 2019

Stratix 10 FPGA cards have a good potential for the acceleration of HPC workloads since the Stratix 10 product line introduces devices with a large number of DSP and memory blocks. The high level synthesis of OpenCL codes can play a fundamental role for FPGAs in HPC, because it allows to implement different designs with lower development effort compared to hand optimized HDL. However, Stratix 10 cards are still hard to fully exploit using the Intel FPGA SDK for OpenCL. The implementation of designs with thousands of concurrent arithmetic operations often suffers from place and route problems that limit the maximum frequency or entirely prevent a successful synthesis. In order to overcome these issues for the implementation of the matrix multiplication, we formulate Cannon's matrix multiplication algorithm with regard to its efficient synthesis within the FPGA logic. We obtain a two-level block algorithm, where the lower level sub-matrices are multiplied using our Cannon's algorithm implementation. Following this design approach with multiple compute units, we are able to get maximum frequencies close to and above 300 MHz with high utilization of DSP and memory blocks. This allows for performance results above 1 TeraFLOPS.


2018

A Massively Parallel Algorithm for the Approximate Calculation of Inverse p-th Roots of Large Sparse Matrices

M. Lass, S. Mohr, H. Wiebeler, T. Kühne, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Platform for Advanced Scientific Computing (PASC) Conference, ACM, 2018

We present the submatrix method, a highly parallelizable method for the approximate calculation of inverse p-th roots of large sparse symmetric matrices which are required in different scientific applications. Following the idea of Approximate Computing, we allow imprecision in the final result in order to utilize the sparsity of the input matrix and to allow massively parallel execution. For an n x n matrix, the proposed algorithm allows to distribute the calculations over n nodes with only little communication overhead. The result matrix exhibits the same sparsity pattern as the input matrix, allowing for efficient reuse of allocated data structures. We evaluate the algorithm with respect to the error that it introduces into calculated results, as well as its performance and scalability. We demonstrate that the error is relatively limited for well-conditioned matrices and that results are still valuable for error-resilient applications like preconditioning even for ill-conditioned matrices. We discuss the execution time and scaling of the algorithm on a theoretical level and present a distributed implementation of the algorithm using MPI and OpenMP. We demonstrate the scalability of this implementation by running it on a high-performance compute cluster comprised of 1024 CPU cores, showing a speedup of 665x compared to single-threaded execution.


Automated Code Acceleration Targeting Heterogeneous OpenCL Devices

H. Riebler, G.F. Vaz, T. Kenter, C. Plessl, in: Proc. ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming (PPoPP), ACM, 2018

DOI


OpenCL-based FPGA Design to Accelerate the Nodal Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Unstructured Meshes

T. Kenter, G. Mahale, S. Alhaddad, Y. Grynko, C. Schmitt, A. Afzal, F. Hannig, J. Förstner, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Int. Symp. on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), IEEE, 2018

The exploration of FPGAs as accelerators for scientific simulations has so far mostly been focused on small kernels of methods working on regular data structures, for example in the form of stencil computations for finite difference methods. In computational sciences, often more advanced methods are employed that promise better stability, convergence, locality and scaling. Unstructured meshes are shown to be more effective and more accurate, compared to regular grids, in representing computation domains of various shapes. Using unstructured meshes, the discontinuous Galerkin method preserves the ability to perform explicit local update operations for simulations in the time domain. In this work, we investigate FPGAs as target platform for an implementation of the nodal discontinuous Galerkin method to find time-domain solutions of Maxwell's equations in an unstructured mesh. When maximizing data reuse and fitting constant coefficients into suitably partitioned on-chip memory, high computational intensity allows us to implement and feed wide data paths with hundreds of floating point operators. By decoupling off-chip memory accesses from the computations, high memory bandwidth can be sustained, even for the irregular access pattern required by parts of the application. Using the Intel/Altera OpenCL SDK for FPGAs, we present different implementation variants for different polynomial orders of the method. In different phases of the algorithm, either computational or bandwidth limits of the Arria 10 platform are almost reached, thus outperforming a highly multithreaded CPU implementation by around 2x.


2017

Flexible FPGA design for FDTD using OpenCL

T. Kenter, J. Förstner, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), IEEE, 2017

Compared to classical HDL designs, generating FPGA with high-level synthesis from an OpenCL specification promises easier exploration of different design alternatives and, through ready-to-use infrastructure and common abstractions for host and memory interfaces, easier portability between different FPGA families. In this work, we evaluate the extent of this promise. To this end, we present a parameterized FDTD implementation for photonic microcavity simulations. Our design can trade-off different forms of parallelism and works for two independent OpenCL-based FPGA design flows. Hence, we can target FPGAs from different vendors and different FPGA families. We describe how we used pre-processor macros to achieve this flexibility and to work around different shortcomings of the current tools. Choosing the right design configurations, we are able to present two extremely competitive solutions for very different FPGA targets, reaching up to 172 GFLOPS sustained performance. With the portability and flexibility demonstrated, code developers not only avoid vendor lock-in, but can even make best use of real trade-offs between different architectures.


2016

Confidentiality and Authenticity for Distributed Version Control Systems - A Mercurial Extension

M. Lass, D. Leibenger, C. Sorge, in: Proc. 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), IEEE, 2016

Version Control Systems (VCS) are a valuable tool for software development and document management. Both client/server and distributed (Peer-to-Peer) models exist, with the latter (e.g., Git and Mercurial) becoming increasingly popular. Their distributed nature introduces complications, especially concerning security: it is hard to control the dissemination of contents stored in distributed VCS as they rely on replication of complete repositories to any involved user. We overcome this issue by designing and implementing a concept for cryptography-enforced access control which is transparent to the user. Use of field-tested schemes (end-to-end encryption, digital signatures) allows for strong security, while adoption of convergent encryption and content-defined chunking retains storage efficiency. The concept is seamlessly integrated into Mercurial---respecting its distributed storage concept---to ensure practical usability and compatibility to existing deployments.


Microdisk Cavity FDTD Simulation on FPGA using OpenCL

T. Kenter, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Workshop on Heterogeneous High-performance Reconfigurable Computing (H2RC), 2016


Opportunities for deferring application partitioning and accelerator synthesis to runtime (extended abstract)

T. Kenter, G.F. Vaz, H. Riebler, C. Plessl, in: Workshop on Reconfigurable Computing (WRC), 2016


Performance-centric scheduling with task migration for a heterogeneous compute node in the data center

A. Lösch, T. Beisel, T. Kenter, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proceedings of the 2016 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), EDA Consortium / IEEE, 2016, pp. 912-917

The use of heterogeneous computing resources, such as Graphic Processing Units or other specialized coprocessors, has become widespread in recent years because of their per- formance and energy efficiency advantages. Approaches for managing and scheduling tasks to heterogeneous resources are still subject to research. Although queuing systems have recently been extended to support accelerator resources, a general solution that manages heterogeneous resources at the operating system- level to exploit a global view of the system state is still missing.In this paper we present a user space scheduler that enables task scheduling and migration on heterogeneous processing resources in Linux. Using run queues for available resources we perform scheduling decisions based on the system state and on task characterization from earlier measurements. With a pro- gramming pattern that supports the integration of checkpoints into applications, we preempt tasks and migrate them between three very different compute resources. Considering static and dynamic workload scenarios, we show that this approach can gain up to 17% performance, on average 7%, by effectively avoiding idle resources. We demonstrate that a work-conserving strategy without migration is no suitable alternative.


Using Approximate Computing in Scientific Codes

M. Lass, T. Kühne, C. Plessl, in: Workshop on Approximate Computing (AC), 2016


Using Just-in-Time Code Generation for Transparent Resource Management in Heterogeneous Systems

H. Riebler, G.F. Vaz, C. Plessl, E.M.G. Trainiti, G.C. Durelli, C. Bolchini, in: Proc. HiPEAC Workshop on Reonfigurable Computing (WRC), 2016


Using Just-in-Time Code Generation for Transparent Resource Management in Heterogeneous Systems

H. Riebler, G.F. Vaz, C. Plessl, E.M.G.. Trainiti, G.C. Durelli, E. Del Sozzo, M.D.. Santambrogio, C. Bolchini, in: Proceedings of International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry (RTSI), IEEE, 2016, pp. 1-5

Hardware accelerators are becoming popular in academia and industry. To move one step further from the state-of-the-art multicore plus accelerator approaches, we present in this paper our innovative SAVEHSA architecture. It comprises of a heterogeneous hardware platform with three different high-end accelerators attached over PCIe (GPGPU, FPGA and Intel MIC). Such systems can process parallel workloads very efficiently whilst being more energy efficient than regular CPU systems. To leverage the heterogeneity, the workload has to be distributed among the computing units in a way that each unit is well-suited for the assigned task and executable code must be available. To tackle this problem we present two software components; the first can perform resource allocation at runtime while respecting system and application goals (in terms of throughput, energy, latency, etc.) and the second is able to analyze an application and generate executable code for an accelerator at runtime. We demonstrate the first proof-of-concept implementation of our framework on the heterogeneous platform, discuss different runtime policies and measure the introduced overheads.


2015

Easy-to-Use On-The-Fly Binary Program Acceleration on Many-Cores

M. Damschen, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Adaptive Self-tuning Computing Systems (ADAPT), 2015

This paper introduces Binary Acceleration At Runtime(BAAR), an easy-to-use on-the-fly binary acceleration mechanismwhich aims to tackle the problem of enabling existentsoftware to automatically utilize accelerators at runtime. BAARis based on the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure and has aclient-server architecture. The client runs the program to beaccelerated in an environment which allows program analysisand profiling. Program parts which are identified as suitable forthe available accelerator are exported and sent to the server.The server optimizes these program parts for the acceleratorand provides RPC execution for the client. The client transformsits program to utilize accelerated execution on the server foroffloaded program parts. We evaluate our work with a proofof-concept implementation of BAAR that uses an Intel XeonPhi 5110P as the acceleration target and performs automaticoffloading, parallelization and vectorization of suitable programparts. The practicality of BAAR for real-world examples is shownbased on a study of stencil codes. Our results show a speedup ofup to 4 without any developer-provided hints and 5.77 withhints over the same code compiled with the Intel Compiler atoptimization level O2 and running on an Intel Xeon E5-2670machine. Based on our insights gained during implementationand evaluation we outline future directions of research, e.g.,offloading more fine-granular program parts than functions, amore sophisticated communication mechanism or introducing onstack-replacement.


How Do They Find Their Place? A Longitudinal Study of Management Students' Attitudes and Motivations During Their First Year at Business School

T. Jenert, T. Brahm, 2015

The first year of studying has been extensively researched applying different theoretical lenses to better understand the transition into Higher Education (HE). It is of particular interest to investigate how students deal with frictions between themselves as individuals and what they perceive to be dominant features of the first-year culture of their studies. To tackle this question, a qualitative longitudinal study was conducted. Based on a sociocultural understanding of attitudes and motivations, its aim was to closely follow a relatively small but highly diverse sample of students throughout their first year at a business school in order to develop an in-depth understanding of each individual’s motivational and attitudinal development.


Improving Packet Processing Performance in the ATLAS FELIX Project – Analysis and Optimization of a Memory-Bounded Algorithm

J. Schumacher, J. T. Anderson, A. Borga, H. Boterenbrood, H. Chen, K. Chen, G. Drake, D. Francis, B. Gorini, F. Lanni, G. Lehmann-Miotto, L. Levinson, J. Narevicius, C. Plessl, A. Roich, S. Ryu, F. P. Schreuder, W. Vandelli, J. Vermeulen, J. Zhang, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Distributed Event-Based Systems (DEBS), ACM, 2015

DOI


Transparent offloading of computational hotspots from binary code to Xeon Phi

M. Damschen, H. Riebler, G.F. Vaz, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE), EDA Consortium / IEEE, 2015, pp. 1078-1083

In this paper, we study how binary applications can be transparently accelerated with novel heterogeneous computing resources without requiring any manual porting or developer-provided hints. Our work is based on Binary Acceleration At Runtime (BAAR), our previously introduced binary acceleration mechanism that uses the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure. BAAR is designed as a client-server architecture. The client runs the program to be accelerated in an environment, which allows program analysis and profiling and identifies and extracts suitable program parts to be offloaded. The server compiles and optimizes these offloaded program parts for the accelerator and offers access to these functions to the client with a remote procedure call (RPC) interface. Our previous work proved the feasibility of our approach, but also showed that communication time and overheads limit the granularity of functions that can be meaningfully offloaded. In this work, we motivate the importance of a lightweight, high-performance communication between server and client and present a communication mechanism based on the Message Passing Interface (MPI). We evaluate our approach by using an Intel Xeon Phi 5110P as the acceleration target and show that the communication overhead can be reduced from 40% to 10%, thus enabling even small hotspots to benefit from offloading to an accelerator.


2014

Deferring Accelerator Offloading Decisions to Application Runtime

G.F. Vaz, H. Riebler, T. Kenter, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), IEEE, 2014, pp. 1-8

Reconfigurable architectures provide an opportunityto accelerate a wide range of applications, frequentlyby exploiting data-parallelism, where the same operations arehomogeneously executed on a (large) set of data. However, whenthe sequential code is executed on a host CPU and only dataparallelloops are executed on an FPGA coprocessor, a sufficientlylarge number of loop iterations (trip counts) is required, such thatthe control- and data-transfer overheads to the coprocessor canbe amortized. However, the trip count of large data-parallel loopsis frequently not known at compile time, but only at runtime justbefore entering a loop. Therefore, we propose to generate codeboth for the CPU and the coprocessor, and to defer the decisionwhere to execute the appropriate code to the runtime of theapplication when the trip count of the loop can be determinedjust at runtime. We demonstrate how an LLVM compiler basedtoolflow can automatically insert appropriate decision blocks intothe application code. Analyzing popular benchmark suites, weshow that this kind of runtime decisions is often applicable. Thepractical feasibility of our approach is demonstrated by a toolflowthat automatically identifies loops suitable for vectorization andgenerates code for the FPGA coprocessor of a Convey HC-1. Thetoolflow adds decisions based on a comparison of the runtimecomputedtrip counts to thresholds for specific loops and alsoincludes support to move just the required data to the coprocessor.We evaluate the integrated toolflow with characteristic loopsexecuted on different input data sizes.


Kernel-Centric Acceleration of High Accuracy Stereo-Matching

T. Kenter, H. Schmitz, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), IEEE, 2014, pp. 1-8

Stereo-matching algorithms recently received a lot of attention from the FPGA acceleration community. Presented solutions range from simple, very resource efficient systems with modest matching quality for small embedded systems to sophisticated algorithms with several processing steps, implemented on big FPGAs. In order to achieve high throughput, most implementations strongly focus on pipelining and data reuse between different computation steps. This approach leads to high efficiency, but limits the supported computation patterns and due the high integration of the implementation, adaptions to the algorithm are difficult. In this work, we present a stereo-matching implementation, that starts by offloading individual kernels from the CPU to the FPGA. Between subsequent compute steps on the FPGA, data is stored off-chip in on-board memory of the FPGA accelerator card. This enables us to accelerate the AD-census algorithm with cross-based aggregation and scanline optimization for the first time without algorithmic changes and for up to full HD image dimensions. Analyzing throughput and bandwidth requirements, we outline some trade-offs that are involved with this approach, compared to tighter integration of more kernel loops into one design.


Partitioning and Vectorizing Binary Applications for a Reconfigurable Vector Computer

T. Kenter, G.F. Vaz, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Reconfigurable Computing: Architectures, Tools, and Applications (ARC), Springer International Publishing, 2014, pp. 144-155

In order to leverage the use of reconfigurable architectures in general-purpose computing, quick and automated methods to find suitable accelerator designs are required. We tackle this challenge in both regards. In order to avoid long synthesis times, we target a vector copro- cessor, implemented on the FPGAs of a Convey HC-1. Previous studies showed that existing tools were not able to accelerate a real-world application with low effort. We present a toolflow to automatically identify suitable loops for vectorization, generate a corresponding hardware/software bipartition, and generate coprocessor code. Where applicable, we leverage outer-loop vectorization. We evaluate our tools with a set of characteristic loops, systematically analyzing different dependency and data layout properties.


Reconstructing AES Key Schedules from Decayed Memory with FPGAs

H. Riebler, T. Kenter, C. Plessl, C. Sorge, in: Proceedings of Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), IEEE, 2014, pp. 222-229

In this paper, we study how AES key schedules can be reconstructed from decayed memory. This operation is a crucial and time consuming operation when trying to break encryption systems with cold-boot attacks. In software, the reconstruction of the AES master key can be performed using a recursive, branch-and-bound tree-search algorithm that exploits redundancies in the key schedule for constraining the search space. In this work, we investigate how this branch-and-bound algorithm can be accelerated with FPGAs. We translated the recursive search procedure to a state machine with an explicit stack for each recursion level and create optimized datapaths to accelerate in particular the processing of the most frequently accessed tree levels. We support two different decay models, of which especially the more realistic non-idealized asymmetric decay model causes very high runtimes in software. Our implementation on a Maxeler dataflow computing system outperforms a software implementation for this model by up to 27x, which makes cold-boot attacks against AES practical even for high error rates.


Runtime Resource Management in Heterogeneous System Architectures: The SAVE Approach

G. C. Durelli, M. Pogliani, A. Miele, C. Plessl, H. Riebler, G.F. Vaz, M. D. Santambrogio, C. Bolchini, in: Proc. Int. Symp. on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications (ISPA), IEEE, 2014, pp. 142-149

DOI


SAVE: Towards efficient resource management in heterogeneous system architectures

G. C. Durelli, M. Copolla, K. Djafarian, G. Koranaros, A. Miele, M. Paolino, O. Pell, C. Plessl, M. D. Santambrogio, C. Bolchini, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Reconfigurable Computing: Architectures, Tools and Applications (ARC), Springer, 2014

DOI


2013

FPGA-accelerated Key Search for Cold-Boot Attacks against AES

H. Riebler, T. Kenter, C. Sorge, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (FPT), IEEE, 2013, pp. 386-389

Cold-boot attacks exploit the fact that DRAM contents are not immediately lost when a PC is powered off. Instead the contents decay rather slowly, in particular if the DRAM chips are cooled to low temperatures. This effect opens an attack vector on cryptographic applications that keep decrypted keys in DRAM. An attacker with access to the target computer can reboot it or remove the RAM modules and quickly copy the RAM contents to non-volatile memory. By exploiting the known cryptographic structure of the cipher and layout of the key data in memory, in our application an AES key schedule with redundancy, the resulting memory image can be searched for sections that could correspond to decayed cryptographic keys; then, the attacker can attempt to reconstruct the original key. However, the runtime of these algorithms grows rapidly with increasing memory image size, error rate and complexity of the bit error model, which limits the practicability of the approach.In this work, we study how the algorithm for key search can be accelerated with custom computing machines. We present an FPGA-based architecture on a Maxeler dataflow computing system that outperforms a software implementation up to 205x, which significantly improves the practicability of cold-attacks against AES.


On-The-Fly Computing: A Novel Paradigm for Individualized IT Services

M. Happe, P. Kling, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, F. Meyer auf der Heide, in: Proceedings of the 9th IEEE Workshop on Software Technology for Future embedded and Ubiquitous Systems (SEUS), IEEE, 2013

In this paper we introduce “On-The-Fly Computing”, our vision of future IT services that will be provided by assembling modular software components available on world-wide markets. After suitable components have been found, they are automatically integrated, configured and brought to execution in an On-The-Fly Compute Center. We envision that these future compute centers will continue to leverage three current trends in large scale computing which are an increasing amount of parallel processing, a trend to use heterogeneous computing resources, and—in the light of rising energy cost—energy-efficiency as a primary goal in the design and operation of computing systems. In this paper, we point out three research challenges and our current work in these areas.


Parallel Macro Pipelining on the Intel SCC Many-Core Computer

T. Suess, A. Schoenrock, S. Meisner, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Int. Symp. on Parallel and Distributed Processing Workshops (IPDPSW), IEEE Computer Society, 2013, pp. 64-73

DOI


2012

A Data Driven Science Gateway for Computational Workflows

R. Grunzke, G. Birkenheuer, D. Blunk, S. Breuers, A. Brinkmann, S. Gesing, S. Herres-Pawlis, O. Kohlbacher, J. Krüger, M. Kruse, R. Müller-Pfefferkorn, P. Schäfer, B. Schuller, T. Steinke, A. Zink, in: Proc. UNICORE Summit, 2012


Convey Vector Personalities – FPGA Acceleration with an OpenMP-like Effort?

B. Meyer, J. Schumacher, C. Plessl, J. Förstner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), IEEE, 2012, pp. 189-196

Although the benefits of FPGAs for accelerating scientific codes are widely acknowledged, the use of FPGA accelerators in scientific computing is not widespread because reaping these benefits requires knowledge of hardware design methods and tools that is typically not available with domain scientists. A promising but hardly investigated approach is to develop tool flows that keep the common languages for scientific code (C,C++, and Fortran) and allow the developer to augment the source code with OpenMPlike directives for instructing the compiler which parts of the application shall be offloaded the FPGA accelerator. In this work we study whether the promise of effective FPGA acceleration with an OpenMP-like programming effort can actually be held. Our target system is the Convey HC-1 reconfigurable computer for which an OpenMP-like programming environment exists. As case study we use an application from computational nanophotonics. Our results show that a developer without previous FPGA experience could create an FPGA-accelerated application that is competitive to an optimized OpenMP-parallelized CPU version running on a two socket quad-core server. Finally, we discuss our experiences with this tool flow and the Convey HC-1 from a productivity and economic point of view.


Eight Ways to put your FPGA on Fire – A Systematic Study of Heat Generators

M. Happe, H. Hangmann, A. Agne, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), IEEE, 2012, pp. 1-8

Due to the continuously shrinking device structures and increasing densities of FPGAs, thermal aspects have become the new focus for many research projects over the last years. Most researchers rely on temperature simulations to evaluate their novel thermal management techniques. However, the accuracy of the simulations is to some extent questionable and they require a high computational effort if a detailed thermal model is used.For experimental evaluation of real-world temperature management methods, often synthetic heat sources are employed. Therefore, in this paper we investigated the question if we can create significant rises in temperature on modern FPGAs to enable future evaluation of thermal management techniques based on experiments in contrast to simulations. Therefore, we have developed eight different heat-generating cores that use different subsets of the FPGA resources. Our experimental results show that, according to the built-in thermal diode of our Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA, we can increase the chip temperature by 134 degree C in less than 12 minutes by only utilizing about 21% of the slices.


Exploration of Ring Oscillator Design Space for Temperature Measurements on FPGAs

C. Rüthing, M. Happe, A. Agne, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), IEEE, 2012, pp. 559-562

While numerous publications have presented ring oscillator designs for temperature measurements a detailed study of the ring oscillator's design space is still missing. In this work, we introduce metrics for comparing the performance and area efficiency of ring oscillators and a methodology for determining these metrics. As a result, we present a systematic study of the design space for ring oscillators for a Xilinx Virtex-5 platform FPGA.


Hardware/Software Platform for Self-aware Compute Nodes

M. Happe, A. Agne, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proceedings of the Workshop on Self-Awareness in Reconfigurable Computing Systems (SRCS), 2012, pp. 8-9

Today's design and operation principles and methods do not scale well with future reconfigurable computing systems due to an increased complexity in system architectures and applications, run-time dynamics and corresponding requirements. Hence, novel design and operation principles and methods are needed that possibly break drastically with the static ones we have built into our systems and the fixed abstraction layers we have cherished over the last decades. Thus, we propose a HW/SW platform that collects and maintains information about its state and progress which enables the system to reason about its behavior (self-awareness) and utilizes its knowledge to effectively and autonomously adapt its behavior to changing requirements (self-expression).To enable self-awareness, our compute nodes collect information using a variety of sensors, i.e. performance counters and thermal diodes, and use internal self-awareness models that process these information. For self-awareness, on-line learning is crucial such that the node learns and continuously updates its models at run-time to react to changing conditions. To enable self-expression, we break with the classic design-time abstraction layers of hardware, operating system and software. In contrast, our system is able to vertically migrate functionalities between the layers at run-time to exploit trade-offs between abstraction and optimization.This paper presents a heterogeneous multi-core architecture, that enables self-awareness and self-expression, an operating system for our proposed hardware/software platform and a novel self-expression method.


Pragma based parallelization - Trading hardware efficiency for ease of use?

T. Kenter, C. Plessl, H. Schmitz, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), IEEE, 2012, pp. 1-8

One major obstacle for a wide spread FPGA usage in general-purpose computing is the development tool flow that requires much higher effort than for pure software solutions. Convey Computer promises a solution to this problem for their HC-1 platform, where the FPGAs are configured to run as a vector processor and the software source code can be annotated with pragmas that guide an automated vectorization process. We investigate this approach for a stereo matching algorithm that has abundant parallelism and a number of different computational patterns. We note that for this case study the automated vectorization in its current state doesn’t hold its productivity promise. However, we also show that using the Vector Personality can yield a significant speedups compared to CPU implementations in two of three investigated phases of the algorithm. Those speedups don’t match custom FPGA implementations, but can come with much reduced development effort.


Programming and Scheduling Model for Supporting Heterogeneous Accelerators in Linux

T. Beisel, T. Wiersema, C. Plessl, A. Brinkmann, in: Proc. Workshop on Computer Architecture and Operating System Co-design (CAOS), 2012


Turning control flow graphs into function calls: Code generation for heterogeneous architectures

P. Barrio, C. Carreras, R. Sierra, T. Kenter, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing and Simulation (HPCS), IEEE, 2012, pp. 559-565

Heterogeneous machines are gaining momentum in the High Performance Computing field, due to the theoretical speedups and power consumption. In practice, while some applications meet the performance expectations, heterogeneous architectures still require a tremendous effort from the application developers. This work presents a code generation method to port codes into heterogeneous platforms, based on transformations of the control flow into function calls. The results show that the cost of the function-call mechanism is affordable for the tested HPC kernels. The complete toolchain, based on the LLVM compiler infrastructure, is fully automated once the sequential specification is provided.


2011

Cooperative multitasking for heterogeneous accelerators in the Linux Completely Fair Scheduler

T. Beisel, T. Wiersema, C. Plessl, A. Brinkmann, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors (ASAP), IEEE Computer Society, 2011, pp. 223-226

DOI


Estimation and Partitioning for CPU-Accelerator Architectures

T. Kenter, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, M. Kauschke, in: Intel European Research and Innovation Conference, 2011


Just-in-time Instruction Set Extension – Feasibility and Limitations for an FPGA-based Reconfigurable ASIP Architecture

M. Grad, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Reconfigurable Architectures Workshop (RAW), IEEE Computer Society, 2011, pp. 278-285

DOI


Measuring and Predicting Temperature Distributions on FPGAs at Run-Time

M. Happe, A. Agne, C. Plessl, in: Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), IEEE, 2011, pp. 55-60

In the next decades, hybrid multi-cores will be the predominant architecture for reconfigurable FPGA-based systems. Temperature-aware thread mapping strategies are key for providing dependability in such systems. These strategies rely on measuring the temperature distribution and redicting the thermal behavior of the system when there are changes to the hardware and software running on the FPGA. While there are a number of tools that use thermal models to predict temperature distributions at design time, these tools lack the flexibility to autonomously adjust to changing FPGA configurations. To address this problem we propose a temperature-aware system that empowers FPGA-based reconfigurable multi-cores to autonomously predict the on-chip temperature distribution for pro-active thread remapping. Our system obtains temperature measurements through a self-calibrating grid of sensors and uses area constrained heat-generating circuits in order to generate spatial and temporal temperature gradients. The generated temperature variations are then used to learn the free parameters of the system's thermal model. The system thus acquires an understanding of its own thermal characteristics. We implemented an FPGA system containing a net of 144 temperature sensors on a Xilinx Virtex-6 LX240T FPGA that is aware of its thermal model. Finally, we show that the temperature predictions vary less than 0.72 degree C on average compared to the measured temperature distributions at run-time.


Performance Estimation Framework for Automated Exploration of CPU-Accelerator Architectures

T. Kenter, M. Platzner, C. Plessl, M. Kauschke, in: Proc. Int. Symp. on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), ACM, 2011, pp. 177-180

DOI


Transformation of scientific algorithms to parallel computing code: subdomain support in a MPI-multi-GPU backend

B. Meyer, C. Plessl, J. Förstner, in: Symp. on Application Accelerators in High Performance Computing (SAAHPC), IEEE Computer Society, 2011, pp. 60-63

DOI


2010

An Open Source Circuit Library with Benchmarking Facilities

M. Grad, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA), CSREA Press, 2010, pp. 144-150


Configurable Processor Architectures: History and Trends

D. Andrews, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA), CSREA Press, 2010, pp. 165


Performance Estimation for the Exploration of CPU-Accelerator Architectures

T. Kenter, M. Platzner, C. Plessl, M. Kauschke, in: Proc. Workshop on Architectural Research Prototyping (WARP), International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), 2010


Pruning the Design Space for Just-In-Time Processor Customization

M. Grad, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), IEEE Computer Society, 2010, pp. 67-72

DOI


Reconfigurable Nodes for Future Networks

A. Keller, B. Plattner, E. Lübbers, M. Platzner, C. Plessl, in: Proc. IEEE Globecom Workshop on Network of the Future (FutureNet), IEEE, 2010, pp. 372-376

DOI


Rupeas: Ruby Powered Event Analysis DSL

M. Woehrle, C. Plessl, L. Thiele, in: Proc. Int. Conf. Networked Sensing Systems (INSS), IEEE, 2010, pp. 245-248

DOI


Towards Adaptive Networking for Embedded Devices based on Reconfigurable Hardware

E. Lübbers, M. Platzner, C. Plessl, A. Keller, B. Plattner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA), CSREA Press, 2010, pp. 225-231


Using Shared Library Interposing for Transparent Acceleration in Systems with Heterogeneous Hardware Accelerators

T. Beisel, M. Niekamp, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors (ASAP), IEEE Computer Society, 2010, pp. 65-72

DOI


2009

An Accelerator for k-th Nearest Neighbor Thinning Based on the IMORC Infrastructure

T. Schumacher, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), IEEE, 2009, pp. 338-344


Communication Performance Characterization for Reconfigurable Accelerator Design on the XD1000

T. Schumacher, T. Süß, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), IEEE Computer Society, 2009, pp. 119-124

DOI


EvoCaches: Application-specific Adaptation of Cache Mapping

P. Kaufmann, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems (AHS), IEEE Computer Society, 2009, pp. 11-18

In this work we present EvoCache, a novel approach for implementing application-specific caches. The key innovation of EvoCache is to make the function that maps memory addresses from the CPU address space to cache indices programmable. We support arbitrary Boolean mapping functions that are implemented within a small reconfigurable logic fabric. For finding suitable cache mapping functions we rely on techniques from the evolvable hardware domain and utilize an evolutionary optimization procedure. We evaluate the use of EvoCache in an embedded processor for two specific applications (JPEG and BZIP2 compression) with respect to execution time, cache miss rate and energy consumption. We show that the evolvable hardware approach for optimizing the cache functions not only significantly improves the cache performance for the training data used during optimization, but that the evolved mapping functions generalize very well. Compared to a conventional cache architecture, EvoCache applied to test data achieves a reduction in execution time of up to 14.31% for JPEG (10.98% for BZIP2), and in energy consumption by 16.43% for JPEG (10.70% for BZIP2). We also discuss the integration of EvoCache into the operating system and show that the area and delay overheads introduced by EvoCache are acceptable.


IMORC: Application Mapping, Monitoring and Optimization for High-Performance Reconfigurable Computing

T. Schumacher, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Symp. on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), IEEE Computer Society, 2009, pp. 275-278

Mapping applications that consist of a collection of cores to FPGA accelerators and optimizing their performance is a challenging task in high performance reconfigurable computing. We present IMORC, an architectural template and highly versatile on-chip interconnect. IMORC links provide asynchronous FIFOs and bitwidth conversion which allows for flexibly composing accelerators from cores running at full speed within their own clock domains, thus facilitating the re-use of cores and portability. Further, IMORC inserts performance counters for monitoring runtime data. In this paper, we first introduce the IMORC architectural template and the on-chip interconnect, and then demonstrate IMORC on the example of accelerating the k-th nearest neighbor thinning problem on an XD1000 reconfigurable computing system. Using IMORC's monitoring infrastructure, we gain insights into the data-dependent behavior of the application which, in turn, allow for optimizing the accelerator.


PermaDAQ: A Scientific Instrument for Precision Sensing and Data Recovery in Environmental Extremes

J. Beutel, S. Gruber, A. Hasler, R. Lim, A. Meier, C. Plessl, I. Talzi, L. Thiele, C. Tschudin, M. Woehrle, M. Yuecel, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), IEEE Computer Society, 2009, pp. 265-276


Woolcano: An Architecture and Tool Flow for Dynamic Instruction Set Extension on Xilinx Virtex-4 FX

M. Grad, C. Plessl, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA), CSREA Press, 2009, pp. 319-322

In this paper, we introduce the Woolcano reconfigurable processor architecture. The architecture is based on the Xilinx Virtex-4 FX FPGA and leverages the Auxiliary Processing Unit (APU) as well as the partial reconfiguration capabilities to provide dynamically reconfigurable custom instructions. We also present a hardware tool flow that automatically translates software functions into custom instructions and a software tool flow that creates binaries using these instructions. While previous research on processors with reconfigurable functional units has been performed predominantly with simulation, the Woolcano architecture allows for exploring dynamic instruction set extension with commercially available hardware. Finally, we present a case study demonstrating a custom floating-point instruction generated with our approach, which achieves a 40x speedup over software-emulated floating-point operations and a 21% speedup over the Xilinx hardware floating-point unit.


2008

A Hardware Accelerator for k-th Nearest Neighbor Thinning

T. Schumacher, R. Meiche, P. Kaufmann, E. Lübbers, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA), CSREA Press, 2008, pp. 245-251


EvAnT: Analysis and Checking of event traces for Wireless Sensor Networks

M. Woehrle, C. Plessl, R. Lim, J. Beutel, L. Thiele, in: IEEE Int. Conf. on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC), IEEE Computer Society, 2008, pp. 201-208

DOI


IMORC: An infrastructure for performance monitoring and optimization of reconfigurable computers

T. Schumacher, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Many-core and Reconfigurable Supercomputing Conference (MRSC), 2008


2007

Automated Wireless Sensor Network Testing

J. Beutel, M. Dyer, R. Lim, C. Plessl, M. Woehrle, M. Yuecel, L. Thiele, in: Proc. Int. Conf. Networked Sensing Systems (INSS), IEEE, 2007, pp. 303-303

DOI


Increasing the Reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks with a Distributed Testing Framework

M. Woehrle, C. Plessl, J. Beutel, L. Thiele, in: Proc. Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNets), ACM, 2007, pp. 93-97

DOI


2006

Optimal Temporal Partitioning based on Slowdown and Retiming

C. Plessl, M. Platzner, L. Thiele, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Field Programmable Technology (ICFPT), IEEE Computer Society, 2006, pp. 345-348

This paper presents a novel method for optimal temporal partitioning of sequential circuits for time-multiplexed reconfigurable architectures. The method bases on slowdown and retiming and maximizes the circuit's performance during execution while restricting the size of the partitions to respect the resource constraints of the reconfigurable architecture. We provide a mixed integer linear program (MILP) formulation of the problem, which can be solved exactly. In contrast to related work, our approach optimizes performance directly, takes structural modifications of the circuit into account, and is extensible. We present the application of the new method to temporal partitioning for a coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture.


2005

Zippy – A coarse-grained reconfigurable array with support for hardware virtualization

C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors (ASAP), IEEE Computer Society, 2005, pp. 213-218

This paper motivates the use of hardware virtualization on coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures. We introduce Zippy, a coarse-grained multi-context hybrid CPU with architectural support for efficient hardware virtualization. The architectural details and the corresponding tool flow are outlined. As a case study, we compare the non-virtualized and the virtualized execution of an ADPCM decoder.


2004

Virtualization of Hardware – Introduction and Survey

C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA), CSREA Press, 2004, pp. 63-69

In this paper we introduce to virtualization of hardware on reconfigurable devices. We identify three main approaches denoted with temporal partitioning, virtualized execution, and virtual machine. For each virtualization approach, we discuss the application models, the required execution architectures, the design tools and the run-time systems. Then, we survey a selection of important projects in the field.


2003

Co-simulation of a Hybrid Multi-Context Architecture

R. Enzler, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA), CSREA Press, 2003, pp. 174-180

Reconfigurable computing architectures aim to dynamically adapt their hardware to the application at hand. As research shows, the time it takes to reconfigure the hardware forms an overhead that can significantly impair the benefits of hardware customization. Multi-context devices are one promising approach to overcome the limitations posed by long reconfiguration times. In contrast to more traditional reconfigurable architectures, multi-context devices hold several configurations on-chip. On demand, the device can quickly switch to another context. In this paper we present a co-simulation environment to investigate design trade-offs for hybrid multi-context architectures. Our architectural model comprises a reconfigurable unit closely coupled to a CPU core. As a case study, we discuss the implementation of a FIR filter partitioned into several contexts. We outline the mapping process and present simulation results for single- and multi-context reconfigurable units coupled with both embedded and high-end CPUs.


TKDM – A Reconfigurable Co-processor in a PC's Memory Slot

C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Field Programmable Technology (ICFPT), IEEE Computer Society, 2003, pp. 252-259

This paper presents TKDM, a PC-based high-performance reconfigurable computing environment. The TKDM hardware consists of an FPGA module that uses the DIMM (dual inline memory module) bus for high-bandwidth and low-latency communication with the host CPU. The system's firmware is integrated with the Linux host operating system and offers functions for data communication and FPGA reconfiguration. The intended use of TKDM is that of a dynamically reconfigurable co-processor for data streaming applications. The system's firmware can be customized for specific application domains to facilitate simple and easy-to-use programming interfaces.


Virtualizing Hardware with Multi-Context Reconfigurable Arrays

R. Enzler, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), Springer, 2003, pp. 151-160

In contrast to processors, current reconfigurable devices totally lack programming models that would allow for device independent compilation and forward compatibility. The key to overcome this limitation is hardware virtualization. In this paper, we resort to a macro-pipelined execution model to achieve hardware virtualization for data streaming applications. As a hardware implementation we present a hybrid multi-context architecture that attaches a coarse-grained reconfigurable array to a host CPU. A co-simulation framework enables cycle-accurate simulation of the complete architecture. As a case study we map an FIR filter to our virtualized hardware model and evaluate different designs. We discuss the impact of the number of contexts and the feature of context state on the speedup and the CPU load.


2002

Custom Computing Machines for the Set Covering Problem

C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Symp. on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), IEEE Computer Society, 2002, pp. 163-172

We present instance-specific custom computing machines for the set covering problem. Four accelerator architectures are developed that implement branch \& bound in 3-valued logic and many of the deduction techniques found in software solvers. We use set covering benchmarks from two-level logic minimization and Steiner triple systems to derive and discuss experimental results. The resulting raw speedups are in the order of four magnitudes on average. Finally, we propose a hybrid solver architecture that combines the raw speed of instance-specific reconfigurable hardware with flexible bounding schemes implemented in software.


Partially Reconfigurable Cores for Xilinx Virtex

M. Dyer, C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), Springer, 2002, pp. 292-301

Recent generations of high-density and high-speed FPGAs provide a sufficient capacity for implementing complete configurable systems on a chip (CSoCs). Hybrid CPUs that combine standard CPU cores with reconfigurable coprocessors are an important subclass of CSoCs. With partially reconfigurable FPGAs, coprocessors can be loaded on demand while the CPU remains running. However, the lack of high-level design tools for partial reconfiguration makes practical implementations a challenging task. In this paper, we introduce a design flow to implement hybrid processors on Xilinx Virtex. The design flow is based on two techniques, virtual sockets and feed-through components, and can efficiently generate partial configurations from industry-quality cores. We discuss the design flow and present a fully operational audio streaming prototype to demonstrate its feasibility.


Reconfigurable Hardware in Wearable Computing Nodes

C. Plessl, R. Enzler, H. Walder, J. Beutel, M. Platzner, L. Thiele, in: Proc. Int. Symp. on Wearable Computers (ISWC), IEEE Computer Society, 2002, pp. 215-222

Wearable computers are embedded into the mobile environment of the human body. A design challenge for wearable systems is to combine the high performance required for tasks such as video decoding with low energy consumption required to maximize battery runtimes and the flexibility demanded by the dynamics of the environment and the applications. In this paper, we demonstrate that reconfigurable hardware technology is able to answer this challenge. We present the concept and the prototype implementation of an autonomous wearable unit with reconfigurable modules (WURM). We discuss two experiments that show the uses of reconfigurable hardware in WURM: ASICs-on-demand and adaptive interfaces. Finally, we develop and evaluate task placement techniques used in the operating system layer of WURM.


2001

Instance-Specific Accelerators for Minimum Covering

C. Plessl, M. Platzner, in: Proc. Int. Conf. on Engineering of Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA), CSREA Press, 2001, pp. 85-91

In this paper we present instance-specific accelerators for minimum-cost covering problems. We first define the covering problem and discuss a branch&bound algorithm to solve it. Then we describe an instance-specific hardware architecture that implements branch&bound in 3-valued logic and uses reduction techniques usually found in software solvers. Results for small unate covering problems reveal significant raw speedups.


Reconfigurable Processors for Handhelds and Wearables: Application Analysis

R. Enzler, M. Platzner, C. Plessl, L. Thiele, G. Tröster, in: Reconfigurable Technology: FPGAs and Reconfigurable Processors for Computing and Communications III, 2001, pp. 135-146

In this paper, we present the analysis of applications from the domain of handheld and wearable computing. This analysis is the first step to derive and evaluate design parameters for dynamically reconfigurable processors. We discuss the selection of representative benchmarks for handhelds and wearables and group the applications into multimedia, communications, and cryptography programs. We simulate the applications on a cycle-accurate processor simulator and gather statistical data such as instruction mix, cache hit rates and memory requirements for an embedded processor model. A breakdown of the executed cycles into different functions identifies the most compute-intensive code sections - the kernels. Then, we analyze the applications and discuss parameters that strongly influence the design of dynamically reconfigurable processors. Finally, we outline the construction of a parameterizable simulation model for a reconfigurable unit that is attached to a processor core.


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